Scientists have figured out why bats crash into buildings: smooth, vertical surfaces like window panes throw off their navigation systems, basically keeping them from “seeing” those obstacles.
The findings, published this week in the journal Science, help explain why injured or dead bats are often found near buildings. The study also shows yet another way that humans are altering the environment in a way that hurts wildlife.A group of greater mouse-eared bats. Video: Stefan Greif
Bats, the only flying mammals, use echolocation to move around. They emit high-frequency sounds and listen for echoes to determine where objects are. A previous study, published by two of the same authors, showed that bats mistake smooth metal or plastic plates placed on the ground as ponds, bumping into them while trying to drink. So researchers wanted to see if the same is true of vertical, smooth surfaces. After all, there’s plenty of observations of bats smashing into glass windows.
They flew greater mouse-eared bats, a species found throughout Europe, through a rectangular tunnel in the dark. In one corner, the researchers placed a vertical metal plate on the wall and a horizontal one on the ground. They found that of the 21 bats, 19 crashed into the vertical plate at least once, but none collided with the horizontal plate or other parts of the walls. “After the experiments, all bats were carefully examined and no injuries were found,” the study says. The researchers then placed vertical plastic plates outside caves, and saw that two other species of bats — Schreiber’s bats and soprano pipistrelles, according to The New York Times — also flew into them.
The reason for the crashes is that when a bat is flying toward a smooth, vertical surface at an angle, the surface reflects the bat’s high-frequency sounds away from the bat, not toward it. (It’s like a mirror.) So when the bat doesn’t hear the returning echoes, it thinks there’s no surface, tricking its echolocation system into thinking it’s flying in an open space.
Why smooth surfaces trick a bat’s echolocation. Illustration: Stefan Greif
The study helps explain why buildings and windows can be lethal for bats, suggesting that it’d be wise to avoid such smooth surfaces near crucial spots, such as migratory routes or places where bats feed. An infection called white-nose syndrome is already wiping many bats out, so whatever we can do to avoid further bat deaths is important.
Even though bats have a bad rap as disease-carrying, blood-sucking creatures, they actually play an important role in the ecosystem. They pollinate plants, spread seeds, and eat a lot of insects, including pests like the corn earworm moth, which attacks sweet potato, spinach, squash, and watermelon.
In the future, the researchers want to explore how bats use both echolocation and vision to navigate around smooth, vertical surfaces, the Times says. Research has shown that bats rely on a variety of senses to adapt to the changing environment: a study last year, for instance, found that bats use both hearing and echolocation when hunting in noisy environments. So maybe there’s more than just echolocation at play when bats fly around buildings. Because contrary to the popular myth out there, bats are not blind.
Abstract
Sensory traps pose a considerable and often fatal risk for animals, leading them to misinterpret their environment. Bats predominantly rely on their echolocation system to forage, orientate, and navigate. We found that bats can mistake smooth, vertical surfaces as clear flight paths, repeatedly colliding with them, likely as a result of their acoustic mirror properties. The probability of collision is influenced by the number of echolocation calls and by the amount of time spent in front of the surface. The echolocation call analysis corroborates that bats perceive smooth, vertical surfaces as open flyways. Reporting on occurrences with different species in the wild, we argue that it is necessary to more closely monitor potentially dangerous locations with acoustic mirror properties (such as glass fronts) to assess the true frequency of fatalities around these sensory traps.
Even though bats have a bad rap as disease-carrying, blood-sucking creatures, they actually play an important role in the ecosystem. They pollinate plants, spread seeds, and eat a lot of insects, including pests like the corn earworm moth, which attacks sweet potato, spinach, squash, and watermelon.
In the future, the researchers want to explore how bats use both echolocation and vision to navigate around smooth, vertical surfaces, the Times says. Research has shown that bats rely on a variety of senses to adapt to the changing environment: a study last year, for instance, found that bats use both hearing and echolocation when hunting in noisy environments. So maybe there’s more than just echolocation at play when bats fly around buildings. Because contrary to the popular myth out there, bats are not blind.
Sensory traps pose a considerable and often fatal risk for animals, leading them to misinterpret their environment. Bats predominantly rely on their echolocation system to forage, orientate, and navigate. We found that bats can mistake smooth, vertical surfaces as clear flight paths, repeatedly colliding with them, likely as a result of their acoustic mirror properties. The probability of collision is influenced by the number of echolocation calls and by the amount of time spent in front of the surface. The echolocation call analysis corroborates that bats perceive smooth, vertical surfaces as open flyways. Reporting on occurrences with different species in the wild, we argue that it is necessary to more closely monitor potentially dangerous locations with acoustic mirror properties (such as glass fronts) to assess the true frequency of fatalities around these sensory traps.
Abstract
In the course of their lives, most animals must find different specific habitat and microhabitat types for survival and reproduction. Yet, in vertebrates, little is known about the sensory cues that mediate habitat recognition. In free flying bats the echolocation of insect-sized point targets is well understood, whereas how they recognize and classify spatially extended echo targets is currently unknown. In this study, we show how echolocating bats recognize ponds or other water bodies that are crucial for foraging, drinking and orientation. With wild bats of 15 different species (seven genera from three phylogenetically distant, large bat families), we found that bats perceived any extended, echo-acoustically smooth surface to be water, even in the presence of conflicting information from other sensory modalities. In addition, naive juvenile bats that had never before encountered a water body showed spontaneous drinking responses from smooth plates. This provides the first evidence for innate recognition of a habitat cue in a mammal.
In the course of their lives, most animals must find different specific habitat and microhabitat types for survival and reproduction. Yet, in vertebrates, little is known about the sensory cues that mediate habitat recognition. In free flying bats the echolocation of insect-sized point targets is well understood, whereas how they recognize and classify spatially extended echo targets is currently unknown. In this study, we show how echolocating bats recognize ponds or other water bodies that are crucial for foraging, drinking and orientation. With wild bats of 15 different species (seven genera from three phylogenetically distant, large bat families), we found that bats perceived any extended, echo-acoustically smooth surface to be water, even in the presence of conflicting information from other sensory modalities. In addition, naive juvenile bats that had never before encountered a water body showed spontaneous drinking responses from smooth plates. This provides the first evidence for innate recognition of a habitat cue in a mammal.
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